Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV)
Research
Evaluation of biosecurity measures to prevent indirect transmission of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus — Kim et al evaluated the effectiveness of biosecurity procedures directed at minimizing transmission via personnel following different biosecurity protocols using a controlled experimental setting.
Modeling the Transboundary Risk of Feed Ingredients Contaminated with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus — Dee et al described a model developed to evaluate the transboundary risk of PEDV-contaminated swine feed ingredients and the effect of two mitigation strategies during a simulated transport event from China to the US.
Third PEDV Strain Identified — Three naturally occurring US PEDV strains have been identified: the original PEDV, the PEDV with changes in the spike gene (INDEL), and the PEDV strain (S2aa-del) reported in this article. The role of genetic changes in the US PEDV strains to clinical disease has yet to be reported. The clinical presentation of diarrhea in this case was reported as equally or more severe than such presentation in cases caused by the prototype PEDV Colorado/2013. Other factors such as concurrent infections and the rate of group exposure, which is rapid in most PEDV cases affecting neonatal piglets, may influence the clinical presentation.
Sal CURB Evaluation — Dee et al evaluated the use of the antimicrobial feed additive Sal CURB for PED virus control and found that the product was effective under trial conditions.
PEDV Airborne Spread — Alonso et al assessed whether PEDV could become airborne and if so, whether the virus was infectious. Results indicated presence of infectious PEDV in the air from experimentally infected pigs and genetic material of PEDV was detected up to 10 miles downwind from naturally infected farms. Airborne transmission should be considered as a potential route for PEDV dissemination.
PEDV in feed — Dee et al explored the concept of transmitting viable PED virus via feed. These data provided proof of concept that contaminated complete feed can serve as a vehicle for PEDV infection of naïve pigs using natural feeding behavior.
PEDV Origin — Huang et al attempted to identify the origin of the PEDV currently circulating in the US swine herd. The results of the study indicate the virus likely originated in China’s Anhui Province.
Inactivation Study: Time vs Temperature — Thomas et al evaluated the time and temperature sufficient to inactivate porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in swine feces on metal surfaces.
Deltacoronavirus gene source — Woo et al identified the gene source for seven novel mammalian and avian coronaviruses.
Case Studies
Infective Material, Concepts and Procedures for Intentional Sow Herd Exposure to PEDV — Schwartz et al 2013 described a field-based strategy to enhance sow herd immunity to PEDV in herds suffering a recent outbreak.
Web-Based Report: Disease BioPortal® – Trends in US PEDV & PDCoV — Time and space sensitive graphics depicting national and state level trends in case level PEDV and PDCoV PCR test results observed in case submissions made to VDLs and reported to the USDA. These dynamic graphs and maps depict the trends of PEDV and PDCoV aggregate diagnostic case-level data (state and national) observed over time and space, and, while likely correlated, do not specifically reflect the actual number of premises or farm sites affected. Diagnostic trends occurring within each state are visible by accessing (right-clicking) the time-sensitive charts nested within the maps included in the dashboard. Please note that the data in the graphs are from biological samples only, no environmental or feed samples are included in the data. [Note: Viewing this training video is very highly recommended for first-time users. This 3-minute video will provide the training necessary to proficiently navigate this web-based/dynamic reporting tool.] Access link (and/or Bookmark) via Google-Chrome (Preferred) or latest versions of Mozilla Firefox or Safari web-browsers. Internet Explorer or older versions of Mozilla Firefox web-browsers will not work.
PED Case Report in a Sow Herd — Describes PED progression in a sow herd.
PED in Canada: An emerging disease case study — Dr. Harpreet S. Kochhar provides a synopsis of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus outbreak and response in Canada.
PED Detection in the United States — Information concerning the initial detection of PED in the US swine herd.
Laboratory Submission Guidelines
Iowa State University-VDL PED Submission Guidelines
KSU Diagnostic Lab — Producers are encouraged to work with their veterinarians, who can send samples to KSVDL, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66506. These samples should be shipped in the same manner as all other diagnostic specimens while being diligent about adequate biosecurity and disinfection, which is imperative to prevent spread of this virus. For questions, contact the laboratory at (866) 512-5650 or email at clientcare@vet.k-state.edu.
South Dakota State University PED Submission Guidelines
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Veterinary Diagnostic Center
Fact Sheets
AASV Quick Facts — Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea — One page overview of the disease including a list of references and links to other pertinent publications.
CAHFS PED Fact Sheet from the UMN
PED White Paper — This is a comprehensive document on PED virus authored by Drs. Jerome Geiger and Joe Connor. It includes an in-depth description of a method to eliminate the virus from a swine herd.
USDA Technical Notes — USDA publication discussing PED virus and provides an outline of U.S. swine industry. Includes a significant list of references.
AASV Epidemiologic Survey
Survey Form — Epidemiologic survey compiled in collaboration with NPB, NPPC, and USDA to determine how PED virus was introduced into the U.S. swine herd.
Preliminary Study Results — An abbreviated report based on the preliminary findings from USDA’s Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health.
Interpretation of Survey Results — This document explains our interpretation of the PEDv survey results. Due to the small sample size and potential bias, this survey must not be over-interpreted. The results merely offer potential direction for additional investigation and do not implicate any specific sources of viral introduction.
Other Resources
Disease timeline — Drs. Matt Ackerman and Amber Stricker provide some insight into a typical timeline for PED infections in sow herds, nurseries and grow-finish.
Feed sampling protocol — Recommendations from KSU on the aseptic collection and submission of feed samples of for PEDV diagnostics.
Morrison Swine Health Monitoring Project
Disinfectants
Disinfectant 101 — This document provides a general overview of disinfectant information regarding proper selection, application, mixing, reading a label, and effectiveness against various disease causing organisms. (ISU Center for Food Security and Public Health)
Characteristics of Selected Disinfectants — This one page handout reviews the various types of disinfectant classes available and lists common trade names, how they work, advantages, disadvantages, and what type of organisms they are effective against. (ISU Center for Food Security and Public Health)
Market Biosecurity
Buying Station Biosecurity Survey — Dr. Matthew Turner conducted a biosecurity survey of 4 cull buying stations in North Carolina following the first diagnosis of PEDV in the state’s swine herd. He provides the survey, responses and some suggestions for buying station biosecurity.
Harvest Plant Contamination Study — Dr. Jim Lowe conducted a study to assess the risk that collection points like harvest plants play in promoting the initial outbreak of a novel disease organism by estimating the rate of contamination of trailers with PEDV during the unloading process. His preliminary findings are summarized in this report.
Market Swine Biosecurity — A list of proposed recommendations developed during a meeting of pork processors on August 2, 2013. These recommendations will be utilized by the three biosecurity working groups to develop more definitive recommendations and materials for biosecurity as we move forward.
Sow Packer and Buying Station Biosecurity — A list of proposed recommendations developed during a meeting of sow packer and buying station representatives held at the National Pork Board on August 13, 2013.
Indiana Packers Livestock Transporter Biosecurity Protocol — Guidelines developed and implement effective September 30, 2013 designed to minimize the likelihood of disease transmission occurring at the company’s processing facility.
Transportation Biosecurity
PADRAP Analysis of Transport Risk — An evaluation of PADRAP data referencing the risks of disease spread via transport issues.
Transportation Biosecurity Videos
Entering and Exiting — This video illustrates a biosecure method to enter and exit a truck and trailer using 3 pairs of disposable boots. (No audio) Thanks to Dr. Joe Connor for providing this video.
Entering Trailer with Washable boots — This video illustrates a biosecure procedure for entering a trailer using 1 pair of washable boots. Thanks to Dr. Paul Yeske for providing this video.
Exiting Trailer with Washable Boots — This video illustrates a biosecure procedure for exiting a trailer using 1 pair of washable boots. Thanks to Dr. Paul Yeske for providing this video.
Manure Hauling Biosecurity
The PEDv Biosecurity Working Group has developed the following three publications addressing biosecurity associated with manure transportation and application.
Commercial Manure Haulers — This document provides guidelines designed to minimize the risk of spreading PEDv when utilizing commercial manure haulers.
Biosecure Manure Pumping Protocols — This document provides guidelines for pork producers regarding the risks associated with manure handling.
Landowners Manure Application — This is an educational outreach to landowners to raise awareness of the risks associated with manure application.
Exhibition Recommendations
Recommendations for Exhibit Organizers — This document outlines a series of recommendations targeting event organizers designed to minimize the risk of disease spread during swine exhibitions.
Recommendations for Swine Exhibitors — This document from the National Pork Board describes things swine exhibitors can do to help lower the risk of spreading diseases to naive animals during and after swine exhibitions.